![]() A theoretical overview of anaerobic overtraining is presented in table 5.3.įor the purpose of investigating overtraining, deliberately causing OTS is not easy in a laboratory setting. That is, increasing either the volume or intensity (or both) too rapidly over a period of several weeks or months with insufficient recovery can result in greater structural damage over time and, potentially, overtraining. A common mistake in overtrained athletes is a rate of progressive overload that is too high. In many cases OTS is a consequence of prolonged NFOR, which in itself can result from mistakes in the prescription of training load and a mismanagement of the acute training variables (e.g., intensity, volume, rest). In addition, some athletes respond positively to overreaching strategies (163) whereas for others, overreaching can be the catalyst for OTS.Ī predominant feature of OTS is the inability to sustain high-intensity exercise when training load is maintained or increased (141). Because rebounds are possible, it is difficult to determine exactly when overtraining becomes chronic. ![]() Eventually all states of overtraining culminate in the parasympathetic syndrome and the chronic suppression of most physiological systems throughout the body (140). The sympathetic syndrome is thought to develop before the parasympathetic syndrome and predominates in younger athletes who train for speed or power (58). The sympathetic overtraining syndrome includes increased sympathetic activity at rest, whereas the parasympathetic overtraining syndrome involves increased parasympathetic activity at rest and with exercise (140). Two distinct types of OTS have been proposed: sympathetic and parasympathetic. Overtraining syndrome can last as long as six months or beyond and in the worst-case scenario, OTS can ruin an athletic career. Figure 5.6 illustrates the progression that composes the overtraining continuum. Many alternative terms have been suggested for OTS, including burnout, chronic overwork, staleness, unexplained underperformance syndrome, and overfatigue (21, 23). Central to the definition of OTS is a "prolonged maladaptation" not only of the athlete, but also of several biological, neurochemical, and hormonal regulation mechanisms. When those occur, it becomes difficult to differentiate between NFOR and what has been termed overtraining syndrome (OTS). When an athlete does not fully respect the balance between training and recovery, the first signs and symptoms of prolonged training distress are decreased performance, increased fatigue, decreased vigor, and hormonal disturbances. This NFOR leads to stagnation and a decrease in performance that will continue for several weeks or months. When the intensification of a training stimulus continues without adequate recovery and regeneration, an athlete can evolve into a state of extreme overreaching, or nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR). When mismanaged, however, it can lead to detrimental effects (144). In fact, it has been shown that short-term overreaching followed by an appropriate tapering period can result in beneficial strength and power gains (163). The rationale is to overwork (to suppress performance and build up tolerance) and then taper in order to allow for a "supercompensation" in performance. Recovery from this condition is normally achieved within a few days or weeks of rest consequently, overreaching can be prescribed as a planned phase in many training programs. When an athlete undertakes excessive training that leads to short-term decrements in performance, this temporary response has been termed overreaching or functional overreaching (FOR) (58, 163). Depending on the extent to which an athlete is overtrained, restoration of performance can take several weeks or months (81, 140). This accumulation of training stress can result in long-term decrements in performance with or without associated physiological and psychological signs and symptoms of maladaptation, and is referred to as overtraining. When training frequency, volume, or intensity (or some combination of these) is excessive without sufficient rest, recovery, and nutrient intake, conditions of extreme fatigue, illness, or injury (or more than one of these) can occur (110, 124, 185). Successful training must not only involve overload, but must also avoid the combination of excessive overload with inadequate recovery (140). The goal of training is to provide incremental overload on the body so that physiological adaptations can subsequently contribute to improved performance. Manage overload and recovery to prevent overtraining This is an excerpt from Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning 4th Edition With Web Resource by NSCA -National Strength & Conditioning Association.
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